Friday, June 25, 2010

CSIR UGC NET June 2010 Life science paper

Some more

1. Product of sucrose is?

2. Describe the structural and functional difference between leucoplast, chromoplast and ----?

3. Which is strait chain sugar.

4. What parameter would you use to find out the relation between two variables?

5. What do you mean by non parametric statistics? When do you use non parametric statistics? give eg 40 fish were exposed to chemicals A and B. of them, 28 fish moved towards chemical A and rest towards B. set up a test to assess this, and state the null hypothesis. what should be the conclusion?

6. chi square value for df=1 given

7. Differentiate between correlation and regression. Give an eg where correlation has no regression

8. Write the logistic growth curve equation for species A and B and modify them when they underprey predator relationship In wild dogs, which display lek behavior, what evolutionary force decide the males to engage in hunting and caring for the pups?

9. What is tetanization? What is rigor mortis?

10. What are type I and type II diabetes?

11. Draw the maturation stages of RBC

12. How is area related to species richness? Draw the graph and derive the equation. how is the above significant to island biogeography. (2 DNA sequences draw, one with excess AT, another with excess GC) which of the above will be more prone to damage by a toxic stress? how does DNA repair such damage?

13. Concentration of acetylchloine is 100 times greater in synaptic vesicles than in cytosol where it is produced. Explain

14. A blastomere given...certain areas marked...q: which area will develop into which organ?(don’t remember the ques properly..sorry)

15. Explain about the outlines of IgE degranulation mechanism?

16. What is use of transgenic animals?

17. How biosensors work?

18. What is the fate of protein when its N terminal signal sequence binds to SRP?

19. a) Draw the structure of Guanosine monophosphate and show the number of every C and N atom. b)Draw the ramachandran plot for D-Ala showing allowed combinations of the conformational angles.

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CSIR UGC NET June 2010 paper II

Paper II

1. (a) How to find out the surface area of leaf without using any instrument?

(b) A person went for a field trip to mountain and took some photographs of an  earthworm. After return how would he find the actual length of the earthworm by the help of the photos he has taken?

2. Name the substrates and enzymes in C2 cycle in mitochondria and peroxysome.

3. (a) What is e value and score with reference to BLAST?

(b) What are the methods to find out protein motifs. What are the various symbols used for representation.

4. What mutation according to ABC model would lead to the following result?

5. Describe how nitrogen is fixed?

6. What do you mean by C sink ? and what role does it play in global warming?

7. Write 2 importance of TFIIH and carboxy terminal domain of RNA polymerase.

8. Give an account of aluminium toxicity in plants?

9. What are DNA vaccines?

10. What do you mean by somatic gene therapy?

11.How was it known before sequencing that the E.coli DNA is circular?

12. How will you prove that the neuron conduction across membrane occurs by chemicals?

13. What is the difference between corpus luteum and corpus albicans?

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CSIR UGC NET June 2010 Life science Paper

CSIR UGC NET June 2010 Life science Paper (Based on Memory)

Paper I

1. Which among the following is not a polymer?

a) rubber

b) cellulose

c) vinyl alcohol

2. Sky appears blue because of

a) scattering of light

b) composition of sunlight

c) a and b

3. Four times the square of a number is one more than three times the number. Find the number

a) 4         b) –4            c) 1          d) -1

4. Three balloons are of the same size,one was filled with hydrogen,another with helium and one with carbon dioxide. let F1, F2, F3 be the buoyant forces acting on them, then which of following is correct

a. F1>F2>F3            b. F3>F2>F1              c. F2=F1>F3             d. F3=F2>F1

5. Microorganism mostly used for controlling insect population include

a. Bacillus thuriengenesis                 b. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

6. Evolution of Dinosaurs time?

a. 6.5 millions years ago

b. 600 million yrs ago

c. 6 billion years ago

d. 60 million yrs ago.

7. Incorrect transfusion of blood results in death of the patient due to

a) precipitation

b) agglutination of blood cells

c) kidney failure

8. If the sample taken from HIV patient serum blood sample, will detect in Western blotting

a) viral antigens

b) viral particles

c) viral proteins-specific antibodies

9. The antibiotic which causes pre-chain termination in protein synthesis in E.coli

a) puromycin

b) chloramphenicol

c) tetracyclin

d) Streptomycin

10. A myopic person have astigmatism is correcting by using

a) spherical convex lens only

b) cylinderical and convex lens

c) concave and cylinderical lens

d) spheriacal concave lens only

11. Ammonia reacting with copper sulphate gives blue colored complex. The blue color is due

a) Cuprous

b) Cupric

c) Sulphate

d) Ammonium complex

12. When lactose operon and tryp operon are fused , B-galacoside will express when

a) Lactose and glucose are absent

b) only in presence of tryptophan

c) only in absence of tryptophan

d) lactose and glucose are present

13. Cadmium resistant plant is

a) Brassica juncea

14. Erb B2 gene is responsible for

a) breast cancer

b) lung cancer

c) cervical cancer

d) oval cancer

15. Macrophages give the foreign cells to

a) proteosome

b) lysozome

c) T cell

16. During synthesis phase of cell division, the amount of DNA doubles, then the number of chromosomes will

a) doubles

b) halves

c) remain unchanged

d) qudrables

17. Oxidation of copper sulphate occurs in

A. Zn + CuSO4 -- ZnSO4 + Cu

B. Cu + AgNo3 -- CuNo3 + Ag

C. MgSo4 + Cu -- CUSo4 + Mg

D. Cu + AuNo3 -- Au + CuNO3

a) A and C

b) B and C

c) C and D

d) Band D

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Tuesday, June 15, 2010

Sleep Disorders in living things@biohunting.blogspot.com

At least 40 million Americans each year suffer from chronic, long-term sleep disorders each year, and an additional 20 million experience occasional sleeping problems. These disorders and the resulting sleep deprivation interfere with work, driving, and social activities. They also account for an estimated $16 billion in medical costs each year, while the indirect costs due to lost productivity and other factors are probably much greater. Doctors have described more than 70 sleep disorders, most of which can be managed effectively once they are correctly diagnosed.

The most common sleep disorders include

  • insomnia,
  • sleep apnea,
  • restless legs syndrome, and
  • narcolepsy.

Insomnia:
Almost everyone occasionally suffers from short-term insomnia. This problem can result from stress, jet lag, diet, or many other factors. Insomnia almost always  affects job performance and well-being the next day. About 60 million Americans a year have insomnia frequently or for extended periods of time, which leads to even more serious sleep deficits. Insomnia tends to increase with age and affects about 40 percent of women and 30 percent of men. It is often the major disabling symptom of an underlying medical disorder.


For short-term insomnia, doctors may prescribe sleeping pills. Most sleeping pills stop working after several weeks of nightly use, however, and long-term use can actually interfere with good sleep. Mild insomnia often can be prevented or cured by practicing good sleep habits (see "Tips for a Good Night's Sleep"). For more serious cases of insomnia, researchers are experimenting with light therapy and other ways to alter circadian cycles.

Sleep Apnea
Sleep apnea is a disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep. It usually occurs in association with fat buildup or loss of muscle tone with aging. These changes allow the windpipe to collapse during breathing when muscles relax during sleep. This problem, called obstructive sleep apnea, is usually associated with loud snoring (though not everyone who snores has this disorder). Sleep apnea also can occur if the neurons that control breathing malfunction during sleep.

During an episode of obstructive apnea, the person's effort to inhale air creates suction that collapses the windpipe. This blocks the air flow for 10 seconds to a minute while the sleeping person struggles to breathe. When the person's blood oxygen level falls, the brain responds by awakening the person enough to tighten the upper airway muscles and open the windpipe. The person may snort or gasp, then resume snoring. This cycle may be repeated hundreds of times a night. The frequent awakenings that sleep apnea patients experience leave them continually sleepy and may lead to personality changes such as irritability or depression. Sleep apnea also deprives the person of oxygen, which can lead to morning headaches, a loss of interest in sex, or a decline in mental functioning. It also is linked to high blood pressure, irregular heartbeats, and an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke. Patients with severe, untreated sleep apnea are two to three times more likely to have automobile accidents than the general population. In some
high-risk individuals, sleep apnea may even lead to sudden death from respiratory arrest during sleep.


An estimated 18 million Americans have sleep apnea. However, few of them have had the problem diagnosed. Patients with the typical features of sleep apnea, such as loud snoring, obesity, and excessive daytime sleepiness, should be referred to a specialized sleep center that can perform a test called polysomnography. This test records the patient's brain waves, heartbeat, and breathing during an entire night. If sleep apnea is diagnosed, several treatments are available. Mild sleep apnea frequently can be overcome through weight loss or by preventing the person from sleeping on his or her back. Other people may need special devices or surgery to correct the obstruction. People with sleep apnea should never take sedatives or sleeping pills, which can prevent them from awakening enough to breathe.


Restless Legs Syndrome
Restless legs syndrome (RLS), a familial disorder causing unpleasant crawling, prickling, or tingling sensations in the legs and feet and an urge to move them for relief, is emerging as one of the most common sleep disorders, especially among older people. This disorder, which affects as many as 12 million Americans, leads to constant leg movement during the day and insomnia at night. Severe RLS is most common in elderly people, though symptoms may develop at any age. In some cases, it may be linked to other conditions such as anemia, pregnancy, or diabetes.


Many RLS patients also have a disorder known as periodic limb movement disorder or PLMD, which causes repetitive jerking movements of the limbs, especially the legs. These movements occur every 20 to 40 seconds and cause repeated awakening and severely fragmented sleep. In one study, RLS and PLMD accounted for a third of the insomnia seen in patients older than age 60. RLS and PLMD often can be relieved by drugs that affect the neurotransmitter dopamine, suggesting that dopamine abnormalities underlie these disorders' symptoms. Learning how these disorders occur may lead to better therapies in the future.

Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy affects an estimated 250,000 Americans. People with narcolepsy have frequent "sleep attacks" at various times of the day, even if they have had a normal amount of night-time sleep. These attacks last from several seconds to more than 30 minutes. People with narcolepsy also may experience cataplexy (loss of muscle control during emotional situations), hallucinations, temporary paralysis when they awaken, and
disrupted night-time sleep. These symptoms seem to be features of REM sleep that appear during waking, which suggests that narcolepsy is a disorder of sleep regulation.

The symptoms of narcolepsy typically appear during adolescence, though it often takes years to obtain a correct diagnosis. The disorder (or at least a predisposition to it) is usually hereditary, but it occasionally is linked to brain damage from a head injury or neurological disease. Once narcolepsy is diagnosed, stimulants, antidepressants, or other drugs can help control the symptoms and prevent the embarrassing and dangerous effects of falling asleep at improper times. Naps at certain times of the day also may reduce the excessive daytime sleepiness. In 1999, a research team working with canine models identified a gene that causes narcolepsy–a breakthrough that brings a cure for this disabling condition within reach. The gene, hypocretin receptor 2, codes for a protein that allows brain cells to receive instructions from other cells.

The defective versions of the gene encode proteins that cannot recognize these messages, perhaps cutting the cells off from messages that promote wakefulness. The researchers know that the same gene exists in humans, and they are currently searching for defective versions in people with narcolepsy.

How Much Sleep Do We Need?

The amount of sleep each person needs depends on many factors, including age. Infants generally require about 16 hours a day, while teenagers need about 9 hours on average. For most adults, 7 to 8 hours a night appears to be the best amount of sleep, although some people may need as few as 5 hours or as many as 10 hours of sleep each day.

Women in the first 3 months of pregnancy often need several more hours of sleep than usual. The amount of sleep a person needs also increases if he or she has been  eprived of sleep in previous days. Getting too little sleep creates a "sleep debt," which is much like being overdrawn at a bank. Eventually, your body will demand that the debt be repaid. We don't seem to adapt to getting less sleep than we need; while we may get used to a sleep-depriving schedule, our judgment, reaction time, and other functions are still impaired.

People tend to sleep more lightly and for shorter time spans as they get older, although they generally need about the same amount of sleep as they needed in early adulthood. About half of all people over 65 have frequent sleeping problems, such as insomnia, and deep sleep stages in many elderly people often become very short or stop completely.

This change may be a normal part of aging, or it may result from medical problems that are common in elderly people and from the medications and other treatments for those
problems. Experts say that if you feel drowsy during the day, even during boring activities, you haven't had enough sleep. If you routinely fall asleep within 5 minutes of lying down, you probably have severe sleep deprivation, possibly even a sleep disorder. Microsleeps, or very brief episodes of sleep in an otherwise awake person, are another mark of sleep deprivation. In many cases, people are not aware that they are experiencing microsleeps.

The widespread practice of "burning the candle at both ends" in western industrialized societies has created so much sleep deprivation that what is really abnormal sleepiness is now almost the norm. Many studies make it clear that sleep deprivation is dangerous. Sleep-deprived people who are tested by using a driving simulator or by performing a hand-eye coordination task perform as badly as or worse than those who are intoxicated.

Sleep deprivation also magnifies alcohol's effects on the body, so a fatigued person who drinks will become much more impaired than someone who is well-rested. Driver fatigue is
responsible for an estimated 100,000 motor vehicle accidents and 1500 deaths each year, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Since drowsiness is the brain's last step before falling asleep, driving while drowsy can – and often does – lead to disaster.

Caffeine and other stimulants cannot overcome the effects of severe sleep deprivation. The National Sleep Foundation says that if you have trouble keeping your eyes focused, if you can't stop yawning, or if you can't remember driving the last few miles, you are probably too drowsy to drive safely.

Friday, June 11, 2010

Water Electrolysis experiment is one of the best experiment

Problem:
How can you perform Electrolysis of water to produce Hydrogen and Oxygen?

Research the Problem:
Electrolysis is Chemical change, especially decomposition, produced in an electrolyte by an electric current. Electrolytes dissolve by dissociation. That is when the molecules of the substance break down into charged particles called ions. An ion with a negative charge is called an anion because it is drawn through the solution to the positive charge on the anode. A particle with a positive charge is called a cation. It moves through the solution to the cathode. Water has its solvent properties because it is polar. The molecule has charged ends (+ and -). These charged ends react with charges on other polar substances to dissolve them. They do so by taking hydrogen atoms from the substance to form hydronium ions. The word electrolysis means the process of breaking molecules to smaller components by using an electric current. Positive and negative poles of a DC electric source such as a battery can absorb opposite ions of an electrolyte causing separation of ions and creation of a new substance.

Hypothesis:
Adding some Sulfuric Acid as electrolyte will increase conductivity of water and creation of Hydrogen and Oxygen gases.

Experiment:
In this experiment, initially we used two copper wires, one twelve-volt battery, and some drinking water to do the tests. The process was slow and caused excessive amounts of corrosion on the copper wires and discoloration in the water. To avoid corrosion of electrodes and discoloration of water, we repeated the test using Graphite Rods as electrodes. Also to speed up the process we added some Sulfuric Acid to the water as electrolyte.

Materials Used:
Copper Wire, Graphite Rods, Sulfuric Acid, Test Tubes, Beaker, Water

Procedure:
Fillup ¼ of beaker with clear water, secure two test tubes filled with water in the beaker in a way that test tubes are up-side down over the beaker. Mount the wires or electrodes that you have prepared and then connect the electricity.

WaterElectrolisis

Check the produced hydrogen and oxygen gasses in five minutes. Repeat the test with different electrodes and different amounts of electrolytes and record the results in the table below. You may want to repeat the experiment with different electrods. (Electrode is only the area that has contact with water, not the part that has insulator or plastic cover. In the above picture electrodes are identified with yellow color).

image

Now, Analyze your data and come up with your own conclusion.

Make Electricity from fruits are made easy

    Introduction: 

    This project is one of the most famous electricity projects that can be performed successfully by most students in the age of 10 to 16. Since the same method is used to get energy from many fruits and chemicals, this project has many names. Following are some of the other names or titles for this project:

  • Fruit power or fruit battery
  • Convert Chemical energy to electrical energy
  • Potato battery or Lemon battery

clip_image001

Procedure:

           Making electricity from chemicals is based on the same scientific principles on which all modern batteries work. You insert copper and zinc electrodes in an acidic liquid and produce some electricity from the chemical reaction between your electrodes and electrolyte. The electricity produced in this way can be displayed with a multi-meter that can show millivolts. It may also be able to power up a 1.2 Volts light bulb. Making electricity experiment can be used for many different science projects.

Monday, June 7, 2010

List of Bioinformatics Courses offered in India

Azyme Biosciences, Bangalore ( Karnataka )
1188/20,3rd Floor, 26th Main, Opp. Ragigudda Temple Arch , Bangalore ( Bangalore (Bengaluru) Dist. )- 560069, Phone : 080-65467596 

Apeejay Svran Institute for Biosciences and Clinical Research, Gurgaon( Haryana )
Sector-32, Plot-26 , Gurgaon ( Gurgaon Dist. ) - 122001

bioCampus, Hyderabad( Andhra Pradesh )
gvk bioSciences Private Limited, #S-1, Phase -1, Technocrats Industrial Estate Balanagar , Hyderabad ( Hyderabad Dist. ) - 500037

Bioinformatics Institute of India (B.I.I.), Noida( Uttar Pradesh)
C-56A/28, Sector - 62 , Noida ( Gautam Buddha Nagar Dist. ) - 201301

Biosys Biotech Lab and Research Centre, Chennai( Tamil Nadu )
63/32, IInd Floor, Kamaraj colony, Ist street Kodambakkam , Chennai ( Chennai Dist. ) - 600024

C.M.S. College of Science and Commerce, Coimbatore( Tamil Nadu )
Chinnavedampatty , Coimbatore ( Coimbatore Dist. ) - 641006

Center for Bioinformatics Research Institute, Chennai( Tamil Nadu )
203/1,Arcot Road, NSK Salai, Vadapalani , Chennai ( Chennai Dist. ) - 600026

Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya : School of Biotechnology, Indore( Madhya Pradesh )
Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road , Indore ( Indore Dist. ) - 452001

Dolphin (P.G.) Institute of Bio-Medical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun( Uttarakhand )
Manduwala, Chakrata Road , Dehradun ( Dehradun Dist. ) - 248007

Dr. N.G.P. Arts and Science College, Coimbatore( Tamil Nadu )
Kalapatti Road , Coimbatore ( Coimbatore Dist. ) - 641048

Holy Matha College of Modern Technology, Ernakulam( Kerala )
Manakkapadi, North Paravur , Ernakulam ( Ernakulam Dist. ) - 683511

Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore( Karnataka )
G-05, Tech Park Mall,International Technology Park Bangalore (ITPB), Whitefield Road , Bangalore ( Bangalore (Bengaluru) Dist. ) - 560066

Integral University, Lucknow( Uttar Pradesh )
Dasauli, P.O. Bas-ha Kursi Road , Lucknow ( Lucknow Dist. ) - 226026

iPower Solutions India Ltd, Adyar( Tamil Nadu )
9/5, IInd Floor, II Main Road , Karpagam Gardens , Adyar ( Chennai Dist. ) - 600020

Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi( Delhi )
Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar Marg, Jamia Nagar , New Delhi ( Delhi ) – 110025

Karpagam University, Coimbatore( Tamil Nadu )
Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari Post , Coimbatore ( Coimbatore Dist. ) - 641021

M.S. (Maharaja Sayajirao) University of Baroda : Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Vadodara( Gujarat )
Kalabhavan Rajmahal Road, Nr. Kirtistambh , Vadodara ( Vadodara (Baroda) Dist. ) - 390001

Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai( Tamil Nadu )
Palkalai Nagar , Madurai ( Madurai Dist. ) - 625021

Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam( Kerala )
Kothamangalam ( Ernakulam Dist. ) - 686666

Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Namakkal( Tamil Nadu )
Rasipuram , Namakkal ( Namakkal Dist. ) - 637408

Pondicherry University : Bioinformatics Centre, Puducherry( Puducherry )
School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University , Puducherry ( Puducherry ) - 605014

S.R.M. University, Chennai( Tamil Nadu )
3 Veerasamy Street, West Mambalam , Chennai ( Chennai Dist. ) - 600033

Satyam Sri Services, Bangalore( Karnataka )
143, 5th Main, 100 Ft Ring Road, KEB Layout, BTM 1st Stage , Bangalore ( Bangalore (Bengaluru) Dist. ) - 560030

Singhania University, Jhunjhunu( Rajasthan )
V.P.O.Pacheri Bari , Jhunjhunu ( Jhunjhunu Dist. ) - 333515

University of Calcutta, Kolkata( West Bengal )
Senate House, 87 /1 College Street , Kolkata ( Kolkata Dist. ) - 700073

University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad( Andhra Pradesh )
P O Central University , Hyderabad ( Hyderabad Dist. ) - 500046

University of Pune : Bioinformatics Centre, Pune( Maharashtra )
The Director, University of Pune , Pune ( Pune Dist. ) - 411007

Vishwa Bioservices, Hyderabad( Andhra Pradesh )
2-3-512/134/1/B, Bapu Nagar, Amberpet , Hyderabad ( Hyderabad Dist. ) - 500029

Should I choose Bioinformatics??

I am facing a choice for my future career . VLSI or Bioinformatics.Since I have been admitted by 2 graduate schools for my PhD degree. They are Iowa state U for Bioinformatics(My major will be Electrical Engineering, but will do research in Bioinformatics) U of Illinois at Chicago.(My major will be VLSI and CAD) I don't know whether Bioinformatics would be hot in the future and if there are any companies in this area. and if there will be a high pay if I choose it. and currently I wanna go to industry rather than acdemica after Phd study. People say there are few job opportunities in bioinformatics , is that right?
Could someone now is doing bioinformatics give me some advice?

Advice from Expert:

A PhD program requires a lot of hard work and dedication, therefore it is really important to pick something that you enjoy doing. Don't pick a career because its hot, but rather because you have a pbottomion for it.
That being said, I bottomume your interest in bioinformatics is hardware related, such as the design of computing systems for running bioinformatics applications. Thus some things to consider are:
1) Is the EE knowledge you will be gaining in one field transferable to others- For example, scientists who work with protein structure often require advanced visualization capabilities. Would your knowledge of VLSI and CAD be transferable to this if you choose to go the Bioinformatics route later on? Likewise, is the architecture of a computing cluster or HPC platform designed for bioinformatics so unique that you couldn't use the knowledge to design such a system for another industry (Probably Not)?
2) Most university departments have faculty that work on different types of projects. Are you committed to studying just Bioinformatics or CAD at either program, or can you rotate through a few labs and try out a few areas of research?
3) Most schools have a list of recent graduates and where they find jobs. Perhaps you could compare lists or speak to some of these individuals to gain an idea of how graduates make out.

What is bioinformatics?

Bioinformatics is the application of computer technology to the management of biological information”.

Computers are used to gather, store, analyze and integrate biological and genetic information which can then be applied to gene-based drug discovery and development.

The need for Bioinformatics capabilities has been precipitated by the explosion of publicly available genomic information resulting from the Human Genome Project.

The goal of this project - determination of the sequence of the entire human genome (approximately three billion base pairs) - will be reached by the year 2002.

The science of Bioinformatics, which is the melding of molecular biology with computer science, is essential to the use of genomic information in understanding human diseases and in the identification of new molecular targets for drug discovery.

In recognition of this, many universities, government institutions and pharmaceutical firms have formed bioinformatics groups, consisting of computational biologists and bioinformatics computer scientists.

Such groups will be key to unraveling the mass of information generated by large scale sequencing efforts underway in laboratories around the world.

Friday, June 4, 2010

Why Indian Peoples are not getting Nobel Prize in Science?

There are so many brilliant scientists in our country but none of them had won Nobel Prize. At present Biotechnology in India is in very bad condition. We can be one of the Biotech centre in the World. We have Brain, Money, Facilities and more than 200 Research Institutes for biological or Life Science only but still we are waiting for this excellent Prize. And the bad news could be for us that there is no chance in near future that any one from India will get Nobel Prize. We don't have such quality in research and infrastructure that we can win Nobel Prize.

If you ask any PG student for any great Scientist or Biotechnologist in India, possibly he/she have any answer. No one Scientist in India had done any great work that he or she can come in Limelight. DBT and our scientific community should do something for this. We had tried to assemble the possible reasons from the suggestions of various Indian People. The possible reasons are here.

Research Institutes / Organization / Academic institutions:

1. There is no noble work is going on any Research Institute of Nobel Prize level. Most of the Research Institutes are doing work based on the work which is already done.

2. Basic researches are coupled with advanced targets and are not focused, thus lacking
Noble Prize Quality.

3. Our Research Institute does not concentrate on basic and fundamental research which is use full for day to day life.

4. The top research institutions are infected with Hierarchy and Bureaucracy (Govt. and Publicly funded institutes and laboratories) which does not allow individual and brilliant scientists to grow independently and do what they want to do.

5. Failure of the organizations to create a working environment, which is competitive in positive terms.

6. At research organizational levels, wastage of money and time on internal politics than allowing research workers to work.

7. In most of the organizations, administration is being looked after by the administrators, at the cost of suppressing many qualities and ultimately morale of the scientific workers.

8. In research institute the environment is not so good that we do not generate original
ideas.

9. Funding for a new idea is limited and possibly system can not justify the new idea.

10. Our peers many times do not accept entirely new idea.

11. We are too bothered to see if the idea is acceptable to others

12. The top academic institutions in India cater to teaching and do not promote research to acceptable levels.

13. We have already so many private organizations. They are organizing various programs and Training but their main aim is get funds from DBT.

Scientists

1. Older generation try to take credit from the work and ideas generated by younger generation.

2. Harassment by senior colleague, who never wants junior to achieve anything.

3. Research Jealousy in Scientists.

4. The scientists are emphasing on publication rather than the useful output. In many research institute most scientists are pasted front page of their publication in their notice board. But they are very far from any useful patent.

5. More publication by any scientist are thought more effectiveness so that in most places (seminar and conferences and guest lecturers) in their introduction one line is common that he/she have already published this much papers in national and international journals. It does not matter whether this have a valuable or not.

6. Lack of integrity of scientists.

7. The lack of cooperation and coordination between the groups of scientists, if they really work hard by putting their all efforts in their work unitedly, definitely they can achieve.

8. Some Scientist live life comfortably and happily, some have no new Idea, some are enjoying their power.

Peoples

1. People are not thinking to take research as carrier.
2. Brain drain- Most of the PhD students after submitting there thesis go to abroad for PDF. The best of them are absorbed there it self.
3. People engaged in research do not want to shift to other organization having appropriate infrastructure for insecurity in terms of loosing earlier good & permanent jobs.
4. Lack of creativity in earlier generations. Most of the students are creative only in childhood but on PG almost creativity lost due to our education system. Our Education system is not such that it enhances creativity.
5. Most Students are studying to earn money. After doing PG most are searching job and are not trying to clear NET for Research.
6. People mentalities are not to be a scientist or not to make their child a scientist. If you ask any PG student for any Scientist or Biotechnologist of India, possibly he/she doesn’t have any answer. No one Scientist in India had done any work that he or she can come in Limelight.
7. Most times we only consider thoughts and materials of foreigners better than our ones. If somebody between us does some innovative work, we will not give him equal importance as we give to foreigners doing the same things.

Government / System

1. Our system does not appreciably identify brilliance and creativity early on in the career of an individual researcher/scientist. Example. Noble Literate Hargobind Khurana.
2. Due to Poor infrastructure and delayed implementation of funds most of interest in research is lost.
3. The weaknesses in India's research system due to which the real talents of the peoples get lost in the useless exercises and it never comes to the surface.
4. No proper Infrastructure, encouragement and freedom.
5. We dint get the facilities as well as environment to conduct the research.
6. Most of the appointments are made on extraneous considerations and not on merit.
7. Lacking of easy access to appropriate infrastructure
8. No such incentives or Promotion in job.
9. The ultimate democracy and freedom of speech and thought does not exist in reality in institutions.
10. No serious intensions from the Government to search out and promote REAL talents.
11. Too much of interference in academic/scientific institutes by politicians.
12. The government is not that much encouraging the research like the foreign countries
by granting the funds they need.
13. Our country has a large problem of unemployment and most of the people go for good job instead of research.
14. Present system is full of bias, politically motivated and seeks more number of publications. The recognition of quality publications is name sake in individual promotion and selection.
15. Most scientists on top faculty lack in vision, devotion and attitude for consists basic research.
16. Scientist wants to enjoy power either as director, DG or president, the scientist really doing best remains on very low profile.
17. Our system can possibly recognize intelligence but not intellectuality.

We need your valuable comments and suggestions on it.

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