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Chylomicrons are assembled in the intestinal mucosa…. HOW?

Chylomicrons are assembled in the intestinal mucosa as a means to transport dietary cholesterol and triacylglycerols to the rest of the body. Chylomicrons are, therefore, the molecules formed to mobilize dietary (exogenous) lipids. The predominant lipids of chylomicrons are triacylglycerols (see Table above). The apolipoproteins that predominate before the chylomicrons enter the circulation include apoB-48 and apoA-I, -A-II and IV. ApoB-48 combines only with chylomicrons.

Chylomicrons leave the intestine via the lymphatic system and enter the circulation at the left subclavian vein. In the bloodstream, chylomicrons acquire apoC-II and apoE from plasma HDLs. In the capillaries of adipose tissue and muscle, the fatty acids of chylomicrons are removed from the triacylglycerols by the action of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which is found on the surface of the endothelial cells of the capillaries. The apoC-II in the chylomicrons activates LPL in the presence of phospholipid. The free fatty acids are then absorbed by the tissues and the glycerol backbone of the triacylglycerols is returned, via the blood, to the liver and kidneys. Glycerol is converted to the glycolytic intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP). During the removal of fatty acids, a substantial portion of phospholipid, apoA and apoC is transferred to HDLs. The loss of apoC-II prevents LPL from further degrading the chylomicron remnants.

Chylomicron remnants, containing primarily cholesteryl esters, apoE and apoB-48, are then delivered to, and taken up by, the liver through interaction with the LDL receptor which requires apoE or via the chylomicron remnant receptor, which is a member of the LDL receptor-related protein (LRP) family. The recognition of chylomicron remnants by the hepatic remnant receptor also requires apoE. Chylomicrons function to deliver dietary triacylglycerols to adipose tissue and muscle and dietary cholesterol to the liver.

How the lipids absorbed in intestine ?

In order for the body to make use of dietary lipids, they must first be absorbed from the small intestine. Since these molecules are oils, they are essentially insoluble in the aqueous environment of the intestine. The solubilization (or emulsification) of dietary lipids is therefore accomplished by means of bile salts, which are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and then stored in the gallbladder; they are secreted following the ingestion of fat.

The emulsification of dietary fats renders them accessible to pancreatic lipases (primarily lipase and phospholipase A₂; PLA₂). These enzymes, secreted into the intestine from the pancreas, generate free fatty acids and a mixtures of mono- and diacylglycerols from dietary triacylglycerols. Pancreatic lipase degrades triacylglycerols at the 1 and 3 positions sequentially to generate 1,2-diacylglycerols and 2-acylglycerols. Phospholipids are degraded at the 2 position by pancreatic PLA₂ releasing a free fatty acid and the lysophospholipid. The products of pancreatic lipases then diffuse into the intestinal epithelial cells, where the re-synthesis of triacyglycerols occurs.

Dietary triacylglycerols and cholesterol, as well as triacylglycerols and cholesterol synthesized by the liver, are solubilized in lipid-protein complexes. These complexes contain triacylglycerol lipid droplets and cholesteryl esters surrounded by the polar phospholipids and proteins identified as apolipoproteins. These lipid-protein complexes vary in their content of lipid and protein.

Theories Contributing to Modern Biology

Modern biology is based on several great ideas, or theories:

• The Cell Theory
• The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Gene Theory
• Homeostasis

Robert Hooke (1635-1703), one of the first scientists to use a microscope to examine pond water, cork and other things, referred to the cavities he saw in cork as "cells", Latin for chambers. Mattias Schleiden (in 1838) concluded all plant tissues consisted of cells. In 1839, Theodore Schwann came to a similar conclusion for animal tissues. Rudolf Virchow, in 1858, combined the two ideas and added that all cells come from pre-existing cells, formulating the Cell Theory. Thus there is a chain-of-existence extending from your cells back to the earliest cells, over 3.5 billion years ago. The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, and that those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells.

Figure : James Watson (L) and Francis Crick (R), and the model they built of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. While a model may seem a small thing, their development of the DNA model fostered increased understanding of how genes work. Image from the Internet.

In 1953, American scientist James Watson and British scientist Francis Crick developed the model for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a chemical that had (then) recently been deduced to be the physical carrier of inheritance. Crick hypothesized the mechanism for DNA replication and further linked DNA to proteins, an idea since referred to as the central dogma. Information from DNA "language" is converted into RNA (ribonucleic acid) "language" and then to the "language" of proteins. The central dogma explains the influence of heredity (DNA) on the organism (proteins).

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a dynamic range of conditions within which the organism can function. Temperature, pH, and energy are major components of this concept. Thermodynamics is a field of study that covers the laws governing energy transfers, and thus the basis for life on earth. Two major laws are known: the conservation of matter and energy, and entropy. These will be discussed in more detail in a later chapter. The universe is composed of two things: matter (atoms, etc.) and energy.

These first three theories are very accepted by scientists and the general public. The theory of evolution is well accepted by scientists and most of the general public. However, it remains a lightening rod for school boards, politicians, and television preachers. Much of this confusion results from what the theory says and what it does not say.

Indian Nobel Prize Winners in science

India has its own share of Nobel Prize winners over the decades in several fields. The Nobel Prize is the most respected award the world over and here is a list of those Indians who have won this award and made the country proud.

Sir Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman (C.V. Raman)-Nobel Prize for Physics (1930)

C V Raman was born in Thiruvanaikkaval, in the Trichy district of Tamil Nadu. He was the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize.he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for his discovery of “RAMAN effect”.Raman effect is useful in the study of molecular energy levels, structure development, and multi component qualitative analysis.

Venkatraman Ramakrishnan –Nobel Prize for Chemistry (2009)

Born in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu in 1952.He was awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009. He is a structural biologist who received the Nobel Prize for his studies in the structure and function of the ribosome.

Dr. Har Gobind Khorana –Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology (1968)

He was born in 1922 in Raipur in Punjab of eastern Pakistan. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1968 for producing the first man-made gene in his laboratory in the early seventies. His discovery won him the Nobel Prize sharing it with Marshall Nuremberg and Robert Holley for interpreting the genetic code and analyzing its function in protein synthesis.

Dr. Subramanyan Chandrasekhar – Nobel Prize for physics (1983)

He was born on October 19, 1910 in Lahore, India (now part of Pakistan) in a Tamil hindu family. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1983 for Physics. He was recognized for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of stars.

Sir Ronald Ross –Nobel Prize for Physiology (1902)

 
He was a Scottish physician who was born in Almora in India in 1857. Though he finished his education in England, Ross had also spent a number of years in India while he was making progress in his search for his discovery of the malarial parasite and its prevention. He was awarded by Nobel prize in 1902 for his work on malaria.

Carbohydrates: The Essential Molecules of Life (eBook)

This book provides the "nuts and bolts" background for a successful study of carbohydrates - the essential molecules that not only give you energy, but are an integral part of many biological processes.

A question often asked is 'Why do carbohydrate chemistry?' The answer is simple: It is fundamental to a study of biology. Carbohydrates are the building blocks of life and enable biological processes to take place.

Therefore the book will provide a taste for the subject of glycobiology. Covering the basics of carbohydrates and then the chemistry and reactions of carbohydrates this book will enable a chemist to gain essential knowledge that will enable them to move smoothly into the worlds of biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology.

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Essentials of Stem Cell Biology (eBook)

First developed as an accessible abridgement of the successful Handbook of Stem Cells, Essentials of Stem Cell Biology serves the needs of the evolving population of scientists, researchers, practitioners and students that are embracing the latest advances in stem cells.

Representing the combined effort of seven editors and more than 200 scholars and scientists whose pioneering work has defined our understanding of stem cells, this book combines the prerequisites for a general understanding of adult and embryonic stem cells with a presentation by the world's experts of the latest research information researchers, practitioners and students that are embracing the latest advances in stem cells.

Representing the combined effort of seven editors and more than 200 scholars and scientists whose pioneering work has defined our understanding of stem cells, this book combines the prerequisites for a general understanding of adult and embryonic stem cells with a prabout specific organ systems.

From basic biology/mechanisms, early development, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, methods to application of stem cells to specific human diseases, regulation and ethics, and patient perspectives, no topic in the field of stem cells is left uncovered.

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Biochemistry useful Free e-books

The study of the substances and chemical processes which occur in living organisms. It includes the identification and quantitative determination of the substances, studies of their structure, determining how they are synthesized and degraded in organisms, and elucidating their role in the operation of the organism.
It have many importance in daily life. Maximum biological clarifications are done by only with Biochemistry.

Few e-Text books are given in this post for your reference for students and lecturers. please use Free Download Manager.

Biochemistry e-books

1) Biochemistry 3 ed - Lippincott ---- Download
2) Oxford_dictionary _of _biochemistry-revised ---- Download
3) Lipid Biochemistry-An Introduction --- Download
4) Protein biochemistry and proteomics --- Download
5) Dairy Chemistry and Biochemistry --- Download
6) Biochemistry Introduction Manual --- Download
7) Biochemistry The Molecular Basis of Life - Trudy McKee, James R McKee --- Download
8) Biochemistry Complete Guide --- Download
9) Biochemistry Berg Tymoczkao Stryer 5th Edn --- Download
10) Biochemistry kaplan 2004 --- Download

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Modern Experimental Biochemistry (eBook)

 

 

This successful text provides students majoring in biochemistry, chemistry, biology, and related fields with a modern and complete experience in experimental biochemistry. Its unique two-part organization offers flexibility to accommodate various requirements of the course, and allows students to reference detailed theory sections for clarification during labs.

Part I, Theory and Experimental Techniques, provides in-depth theoretical discussion organized around important techniques. A valuable reference for instructors and students, it's particularly useful to instructors who prefer to use their own customized experiments.

Part II, Experiments, offers optimum flexibility through 15 tested experiments designed to accommodate the capabilities of laboratories and students at most four-year schools. Alternate methods are suggested and labs may be divided into manageable hour segments.

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Schaum's Outline of Biochemistry (Ebook)

Fortunately for you, there's Schaum's Outlines. More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's to help them succeed in the classroom and on exams. Schaum's is the key to faster learning and higher grades in every subject. Each Outline presents all the essential course information in an easy-to-follow, topic-by-topic format. You also get hundreds of examples, solved problems, and practice exercises to test your skills.

This Schaum's Outline gives you:
• Practice problems with full explanations that reinforce knowledge
• Coverage of the most up-to-date developments in your course field
• In-depth review of practices and applications

 

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Interactive Biochemistry explanation links…?

The given tutorials are very useful to enhance your analysis in the biological science.

1. Introduction to Metabolism

2. Electron Transport & ATP Synthesis

3. Signal Transduction

4. Signal Transduction Pathways

5. Synaptic Transmission

6.  Mitosis

7. Meiosis

8. Deciphering the Genetic Code

9. Protein Synthesis

10. RNA Splicing

How to regulate UREA cycle in human body..?

The urea cycle operates only to eliminate excess nitrogen. On high-protein diets the carbon skeletons of the amino acids are oxidized for energy or stored as fat and glycogen, but the amino nitrogen must be excreted. To facilitate this process, enzymes of the urea cycle are controlled at the gene level. With long-term changes in the quantity of dietary protein, changes of 20-fold or greater in the concentration of cycle enzymes are observed. When dietary proteins increase significantly, enzyme concentrations rise. On return to a balanced diet, enzyme levels decline. Under conditions of starvation, enzyme levels rise as proteins are degraded and amino acid carbon skeletons are used to provide energy, thus increasing the quantity of nitrogen that must be excreted.

Short-term regulation of the cycle occurs principally at CPS-I, which is relatively inactive in the absence of its allosteric activator N-acetylglutamate. The steady-state concentration of N-acetylglutamate is set by the concentration of its components acetyl-CoA and glutamate and by arginine, which is a positive allosteric effector of N-acetylglutamate synthetase.

What is the importance of Clinical Significance of Lipoprotein Metabolism..?

Fortunately, few individuals carry the inherited defects in lipoprotein metabolism that lead to hyper- or hypolipoproteinemias (see Tables below for brief descriptions). Persons suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and kidney disease often exhibit abnormal lipoprotein metabolism as a result of secondary effects of their disorders. For example, because lipoprotein lipase (LPL) synthesis is regulated by insulin, LPL deficiencies leading to Type I hyperlipoproteinemia may occur as a secondary outcome of diabetes mellitus. Additionally, insulin and thyroid hormones positively affect hepatic LDL-receptor interactions; therefore, the hypercholesterolemia and increased risk of athersclerosis associated with uncontrolled diabetes or hypothyroidism is likely due to decreased hepatic LDL uptake and metabolism.

Of the many disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) may be the most prevalent in the general population. Heterozygosity at the FH locus occurs in 1:500 individuals, whereas, homozygosity is observed in 1:1,000,000 individuals. FH is an inherited disorder comprising four different classes of mutation in the LDL receptor gene. The class 1 defect (the most common) results in a complete loss of receptor synthesis. The class 2 defect results in the synthesis of a receptor protein that is not properly processed in the Golgi apparatus and therefore is not transported to the plasma membrane. The class 3 defect results in an LDL receptor that is incapable of binding LDLs. The class 4 defect results in receptors that bind LDLs but do not cluster in coated pits and are, therefore, not internalized.

FH sufferers may be either heterozygous or homologous for a particular mutation in the receptor gene. Homozygotes exhibit grossly elevated serum cholesterol (primarily in LDLs). The elevated levels of LDLs result in their phagocytosis by macrophages. These lipid-laden phagocytic cells tend to deposit within the skin and tendons, leading to xanthomas. A greater complication results from cholesterol deposition within the arteries, leading to atherosclerosis, the major contributing factor of nearly all cardiovascular diseases.

Principles of Physical Biochemistry (ebook)

Description: The Second Edition of Principles of Physical Biochemistry provides the most current look at the theory and techniques used in the study of the physical chemistry of biological and biochemical molecules—including discussion of mass spectrometry and single-molecule methods.

As leading experts in biophysical chemistry, these well-known authors offer unique insights and coverage not available elsewhere. Physical techniques currently used by practicing biochemists, including new chapters dedicated to extended material on mass spectrometry and single-molecule methods are included.

The book's streamlined organization groups all hydrodynamic methods in Chapter 5 and combines Raman spectroscopy with the spectroscopy section. Relevant problems and applications help readers develop critical-thinking skills that they can apply to real biochemical and biological situations facing professionals in the industry.

 

Biological Macromolecules; Thermodynamics and Biochemistry; Molecular Thermodynamics; Statistical Thermodynamics; Methods for the Separation and Characterization of Macromolecules; X-Ray Diffraction; Scattering From Solutions of Macromolecules; Quantum Mechanics and Spectroscopy; Absorption Spectroscopy; Linear and Circular Dichroism; Emission Spectroscopy; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Macromolecules in Solution: Thermodynamics and Equilibria; Chemical Equilibria Involving Macromolecules; Mass Spectrometry of Macromolecules; Single-Molecule Methods.

A useful reference for biochemistry professionals or for anyone interested in learning more about biochemistry.

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Biochemistry (Board Review Series)

 

This book is outstanding for use while taking class and then reviewing material for Boards. Clear and concise. The diagrams are clear and somehow stick in your head.

Questions at end of chapters are really good. Good explanations too.This book is outstanding for use while taking class and then reviewing material for Boards. Clear and concise. The diagrams are clear and somehow stick in your head. Questions at end of chapters are really good.

Good explanations too.This book is outstanding for use while taking class and then reviewing material for Boards. Clear and concise. The diagrams are clear and somehow stick in your head. Questions at end of chapters are really good. Good explanations too.

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Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach

Dr. Dawn Marks and her coauthors cover human biochemistry in a reasonably comprehensive fashion for students, using case studies to show the relationship between biochemistry and clinical problems.

Facts and pathways are presented to emphasize how the underlying biochemistry is related to the body's overall physiological functioning. Lecturers - Click here to order a FREE Review Copy of this title Dr.Dawn Marks and her coauthors cover human biochemistry in a reasonably comprehensive fashion for students, using case studies to show the relationship between biochemistry and clinical problems.

Facts and pathways are presented to emphasize how the underlying biochemistry is related to the body's overall physiological functioning. Lecturers - Click here to order a FREE Review Copy of this title.

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Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry

Extensively revised and updated, this authoritative biochemistry text is known worldwide for its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage.

Extensively illustrated and user-friendly, the text offers examples pf how knowledge of biochemistry is essential for understanding the molecular basis of health and disease.

The 26th edition also features expanded content on results of the Human Genome Project. Perfect as both text and USMLE review. Extensively revised and updated, this authoritative biochemistry text is known worldwide for its comprehensive and up-to-date coverage.

Extensively illustrated and user-friendly, the text offers examples of how knowledge of biochemistry is essential for understanding the molecular basis of health and disease.

The 26th edition also features expanded content on results of the Human Genome Project. Perfect as both text and USMLE review.

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Biochemistry Garrett and Grisham

Intended for the one (or) two term introductory biochemistry course taught at the junior/senior level, this beautifully and consistently illustrated text gives science majors the most current presentation of biochemistry available.

Written by a chemist and a biologist, the book presents biochemistry from balanced perspectives.Undergraduate biochemistry at my school is taught by the biochemistry department (not surprising).

However, as a result, we have all sorts of people taking the course from prospective chemists (me) to premeds and general bio sci majors. So the dept. uses this book and it's probably the best compromise out there.

Voet and Voet would be perfect if the course was taught exclusively for chemists, Stryer if the course was loaded up with premeds (horrifying thought, I know :) ) But Garrett and Grisham have managed to write a rather well balanced text (one is in UVA's bio dept., the other UVA's chem dept) with plenty of both chemical insight and medical relevance.

Based on (I'm sure) similar experiences they've had teaching biochem to a mixed audience, and knowing that most undergrad biochem courses tend to be taught to similar groups of students nationwide, this is the best book for a case like that.

(However, I'm getting Voet and Voet as a reference for me personally one of these days.)

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Text Books of Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry is one of the good book

The Lehninger text has a long history, but given that biochemical knowledge doubles every 5 years or so, it matters what a text offers now, not in the past. The writing is simple, direct, engaging, not too easy but neither too esoteric.

The principles (as the title suggests) and the unity in diversity are emphasized, so that the student understands biochemical principles not merely facts, acronyms, pathways.

The graphics are very professional. They are comparable to any review article in hot journals such as Nature, Science, Cell, etc. The rendering of protein surfaces, and the different angles through which a structure is seen is outstanding (a good example is the section on the ribosomes).

The structures have been rendered from the PDB (protein data bank) coordinates. Most are rendered in the ribbon representation, but in many cases the surface is rendered in grey, depending on the level of detail.

Contrast this with the 3rd edition of Voet: the authors have not bothered to re-render their graphics, most are identical to the 1995 edition, a time when people only cared if you could generate a structure.

Voet's graphics are not done uniformly; the backgrounds can be white, Grey, black, some structures are taken directly from the original literature and vary widely in the format and rendering. It is not enough that Voet updated the text on biochemical developments from 1995-2004.

The Lehninger pages on the most important protein folds, for example, are very helpful in giving the student a feel for the fold, the domain composition, the size, and names of model proteins one is expected to encounter over and again in the research literature. The text contains brief solutions to all the end-of-chapter problems

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Some Useful Cell biology ebooks & presentations

Cell biology materials for good preparation for competitive examinations.

Just download the copies

 

1. Cell Structure

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Cell- Structure- III

2. STRUCTURE and FUNCTIONS of CELL

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STRUCTURE and FUNCTIONS of CELL

 

3.  Cell membrane

Download your copy

 

 

“Biology cell module” is very helpful to understand the cell biology for beginners

Biology cell module is very useful to understand the cell biology at cellular levels. this ebook is very useful for students and lecturers.

 

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Biology cell module

 

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Lecture - 3 Protein Structure - I

This lecture video belongs to Protein Structure part I from IIT

Lecture - 2 Amino Acids II

The lecture belongs to Amino Acids part II from IIT.

Endocrinology is the study of …

The term Hormone (hormao^G= to excite) was first used by ‘William M.Bayliss’ and his brother-in-law ‘Ernest H.Starling’, both of London University college, in 1904, who showed that a chemical stimulate the action of a pancreatic secretion. These substances were then called “Chemical Messengers”.

Definition:

According to Went & Thimann (1937),

“A substance which produced in any one part of an organism, is transferred to another part and there influences a specific physiological process”.

Properties:

A hormone is a Chemical messengers. It has the following properties:

• ·It travels in the blood.
• It has its effect at a site different from the site where it is made, called the “Target”, hence the term “Messenger”.
• It fits precisely into receptor molecules in the target like a key in a lock-it is therefore Specific for a particular target.
• It is a small soluble organic molecule.
• It is effective in low concentrations.
• These have low molecular weight & diffuse readily.

Location of principal endocrine glands:

a) Two in the head region --> The pineal & the Pitutary

b) Three in the neck region --> The Thymus, the Thyroid & Parathyroid

c) Four in the abdominal region –> The Pancreas, The Gastrointesinal mucosa,

The adrenals & The Gonads

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ENDOCRINOLOGY


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“About Cell Concept” for CSIR NET exam

(a) Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), an Italian microscopist, studied the structure of plants. He believed that the plants are composed of separate structural units which he called “utricles”.

(b) Robert Hooke (1635-1703), examined thin slices of cork (dead outer bark of an oak) under his microscope. He saw hundreds of very small hexagonal ‘boxes’ or ‘chambers’ which are together appeared like a ‘honeycomb’. The term ‘cell’ was coined by Robert Hooke to denote these chambers. His observations, alongwith the figures, were published in 1665 in Micrographia.

(c) Anton von Leeuwenhoek, 1674, using good quality simple lenses (magnifying upto 200 times) observed unicellular organisms and called them ‘wild animalcules’. In this way, he was the first to observe “living and moving individual” cells as compared to the “fixed” cells seen by earlier workers.

(d) H.J.Dutrochet (1824), a French scientist, boiled some tissues and separated the cells from one another. He expressed the idea of individual cells i.e., cells were not just spaces between a network of fibres, but that these were separate and separable units.

(Thanks for IFAS, Jodhpur)

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Introduction to cell for CSIR NET

Evolution: Fact and Theory (For CSIR NET Exam)

Evolution theory explains how organisms have changed over time.

Scientific understanding requires both facts and theories that can explain those facts in a coherent manner.

Evolution, in this context, is both a fact and a theory. It is an incontrovertible fact that organisms have changed, or evolved, during the history of life on Earth. And biologists have identified and investigated mechanisms that can explain the major patterns of change.

There are four major patterns of change.

Patterns in Nature

The field of evolutionary biology seeks to provide explanations for four conspicuous patterns that are manifest

in nature. The first three concern living species, whereas the fourth relates to fossils.

(Thanks for IFAS, Jodhpur)

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Evolution facts CSIR

GATE-XL Life science previous papers 2008

Graduated Aptitude Test in Engineering Examinations

GATE Previous Papers - 2008

XL-Life Sciences

Chemistry (Compulsory) -- 2008
Biochemistry -------------- 2008
Biotechnology ------------- 2008
Botany -------------------- 2008
Microbiology -------------- 2008
Zoology ------------------- 2008

Download the GATE XL previous papers by clicking the above links. these are PDF documents. plz use Adobe reader software.

GATE XL-2008 PAPERS key -

GATE-XL Life sciences previous papers-2007

Graduated Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) Examinations

GATE Previous Papers - 2007

XL-Life Sciences

 

Chemistry (Compulsory) -- 2007
Biochemistry -------------- 2007
Biotechnology ------------- 2007
Botany -------------------- 2007
Microbiology -------------- 2007
Zoology ------------------- 2007

Download the GATE XL previous papers by clicking the above links. these are PDF documents. plz use Adobe reader software.

GATE-XL life sciences Previous papers 2006

Graduated Aptitude Test in Engineering Examinations

GATE Previous Papers - 2006

XL-Life Sciences

Chemistry (Compulsory) -- 2006
Biochemistry -------------- 2006
Biotechnology ------------- 2006
Botany -------------------- 2006
Microbiology -------------- 2006
Zoology ------------------- 2006

Download the GATE XL previous papers by clicking the above links. These are PDF documents. plz use Adobe reader software.

Download the copy of “Popular Science” magazine - December 2009

Popular Science - December 2009 | 16.54 MB
True PDF | 119 Pages | English | 16.5 Mb

 

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Inter 2nd Year Results 2010 are ready (general, vocational)

VidyaVission has also published the Inter 2nd Year Results 2010. The result can be checked online through the vidyavission result link given below by enter your hall ticket number. Once the result is displayed on the screen, you can get it printed online for reference.

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Lecture - 1 Amino Acids I

The lecture belongs to Amino acids part 1, from IIT.

Biology NCERT (CBSE) text book are good reference to higher studies

Download the books chapter wise.

DIVERSITY IN THE LIVING WORLD

Chapter 1 THE LIVING WORLD

Chapter 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

Chapter 3 PLANT KINGDOM

Chapter 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Chapter 5 MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Chapter 6 ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

Chapter 7 STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Chapter 8 CELL: THE UNIT OF LIFE

Chapter 9 BIOMOLECULES

Chapter 10 CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 11 TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

Chapter 12 MINERAL NUTRITION

Chapter 13 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS

Chapter 14 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS

Chapter 15 PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Chapter 16 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

Chapter 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

Chapter 18 BODY FLUIDS AND CIRCULATION

Chapter 19 EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION

Chapter 20 LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT

Chapter 21 NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION

Chapter 22 CHEMICAL COORDINATION AND INTEGRATION

 

ALL THE BEST